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This book explores how Western European psychotherapists, interviewed between 2016 and 2019, understand spirituality and how they address spiritual matters in clinical sessions. By studying a purposive sample of 15 Clinicians from Spain, England, Switzerland, Greece, Norway and Denmark, it was found that these shared similar views about spirituality, understood as dynamic, fluid and independent from religion. The interviewed psychotherapists showed great variation in their psychotherapy trainings, theoretical background and spiritual stances. However, the participants' rich narratives illustrate that independently from their personal and professional background they all approached spiritual matters from a client centered, humanistic perspective. Spirituality was often addressed heuristically, integrating different approaches in a creative manner through an array of interventions. Differences in the participants' religious and cultural background did not appear to determine the clinicians' views and approaches. Recommendations for practice are discussed, stressing the relevance of implementing a non-materialistic scientific paradigm that acknowledges different personal experiences, as a source of spiritual knowledge. The importance of keeping a non-judgmental perspective and the need to acknowledge views and practices of those considering themselves as spiritual but not religious are also highlighted. Different audiences may find this book relevant, for instance psychotherapists and those in charge of psychotherapy training programs wishing to integrate a spiritual perspective in clinical work independent from religious doctrines. Likewise, those interested in historical perspectives about the traditional exclusion of spirituality from clinical work as well as the current re-integration of non- dogmatic, fluid spiritual perspectives may find relevant information. The theoretical discussions and methodological explanations could be of interest for those considering to implement thematic analysis or to pursue qualitative studies from a collaborative and reflexive stance.Contents:TABLE OVERVIEWDEDICATIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSABSTRACTSSECTION I: INTRODUCING THIS DISSERTATIONCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION -RATIONALE AND CONTEXTUALIZATIONConcepts clarificationStarting this journeyHow this chapter is organizedDissertation goals and research questionRationale and significance of this projectTheories underpinning this dissertationQualitative methodology and methods of data generationApproaching an understanding of spiritualitySECTION II: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER II: SPIRITUALITY AND RELATED CONSTRUCTSRe-acknowledging spirituality in secularized societiesSpirit: the breath of lifeSpirituality and religion: some differentiationsSpirituality as an evolutionary pathCHAPTER III: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES on SPIRITUALITY AND PSYCHOTHERAPYFreud's hostility towards religionReligion excluded from modernist psychotherapyAcknowledging the spiritual: Carl Gustav JungSome of Jung's relevant constructsA non material paradigm in scienceCHAPTER IV: A SPIRITUAL REAWAKENINGResearch on religion, spirituality and mental healthIntegration of spirituality in psychotherapy workOrganizations bridging spirituality and mental healthTherapists' attitudes influence clinical workSECTION III: THEORIES, METHODOLOGY AND METHODSCHAPTER V: THEORETICAL INFLUENCESA Bricolage approach to qualitative inquiryMetatheories – theories on what research is aboutTowards a postmaterialist view of sciencePostmodern perspectivesReflexivity in collaborative researchCHAPTER VI: METHODOLOGY AND METHODSChoosing a qualitative research methodologyMethodsThe research sampleIntroducing the fifteen participantsTable 1- The participants' Psychotherapeutic OrientationTable 2 – The participants' Religious Family BackgroundTable 3 – The participants' Spiritual Stance NowA brief presentation of each participantResearch as an invitationData generation: qualitative research interviewsLines of InquiryCHAPTER VII: DATA ANALYSIS, QUALITY STANDARDS AND ETHICAL ISSUESThe analysis processAddressing quality criteria in this inquiryEthical concernsSECTION IV: REPRESENTING THE GENERATED DATA in THREE CHAPTERS Representing the generated dataMy expectations before starting the studyCHAPTER VIII: FINDINGS-UNDERSTANDING SPIRITUALITYThe Participants' understanding of SpiritualitySpirituality: fluid and evolvingCHAPTER IX: FINDINGS- NAVIGATING THE SPIRITUALSpiritual approaches and the therapist's orientationSpiritual interventions independent of client's expectationsSpiritual needs come from soul, not cultureTherapist's self-disclosure–or not?Table 4 – Some of the participants' interventionsCHAPTER X: FINDINGS – INTEGRATING SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCESPersonal and professional growthTable 5 – Personal experiences influencing the therapists' spiritual viewsSpirituality and psychotherapy: blurry boundariesIdeas about including spirituality in psychotherapySigns of a paradigm shiftSECTION V: DISCUSSION OF THE GENERATED FINDINGSCHAPTER XI: DISCUSSION – UNDERSTANDING SPIRITUALITYAcknowledging spirituality as a flexible conceptPersonal sources of spiritual knowledgeReflections on the participants' spiritual understandingCHAPTER XII: DISCUSSION- NAVIGATING SPIRITUAL ISSUES IN SESSIONSA bricolage of interventionsA globalized, non-local psychotherapy cultureOpenness to a spirituality within psychotherapyJung inspired understandingAddressing new spiritual expressionsCHAPTER XIII: DISCUSSION- INTEGRATING SPIRITUALITY and CRITICAL REMARKSExperiencing and integrating spiritualityCritical perspectives and power issuesReflections about the participants' contributionsAn autoethnographic reflectionSECTION VI: IMPLICATIONS AND EVALUATIONCHAPTER XIV: PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS and EVALUATION of the INQUIRYSuggestions for practiceMain premises suggested to consider in psychotherapyLimitations of this studyDirections for further researchE-valuation of the dissertation workBIBLIOGRAPHYAPPENDICES Appendix 1: Letter of Information and ConsentAppendix 2: Lines of InquiryAppendix 3: Example of interview follow UpAppendix 4: Excerpts from the reflexive journal
